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This is a brief tutorial on how to use statistical physics for better understanding of heat thermodynamics. It will explain how statistical physics helps us in understanding the process of heat-transfer. The author has chosen the topic of Thermal Physics because this is an important field in modern science which is studied by scientists all over the world. The field of thermal physics falls under Statistical Mechanics that deals with change in physical quantities which are governed by Newtonian mechanics, but there are many higher-order effects at work that must be taken into account when solving thermal problems. The author has chosen work published by J. P. Brijlal and J.S. Bartlett as his sources of reference, because this work is well documented and ensures the accuracy of the fundamentals presented in these pages. To start with, we first need to know what exactly is a thermal system: A thermal system is a collection of particles (they could be atoms, molecules, ions etc...) that interact with one another. The interactions can be described by Hamilton's equations which are differential equations governing the change in the velocity and/or position (or momentum) of each particle over time. The velocity may be the speed of the particle, or it could also be its position. The law of conservation of energy must be described by an equation that can be represented as a first-order differential equation. This is the basis behind Maxwell's equations, which are differential equations governing electric and magnetic fields etc... The Hamiltonian is a function that describes how the system will respond to external forces (ΔU). Such forces might include gravity, electrical forces etc... Combinations of these are known as physical forces/interactions. As seen in the image below, there will always be certain number of particles inside a given volume V. The number of particles inside V depends on both their initial state and on their force acting on them. In the example here, the particles have been placed at random within a container. There must always be a minimum number of particles present to ensure that the system has zero entropy. In the image, there are only four particles present as shown by subscript 'i' as this provides zero entropy. The two blue particles show momentum, while the others show position. The first step to understanding heat-transfer is to know what exactly is heat: Heat is a form of energy. It is nothing other than a transfer of energy from substance to substance or from substance to its surroundings or from one phase into another phase or vice versa. In short, heat transfer is a change in internal energy of a substance. Heat-transfer in a substance depends on the interaction between the substance and its surroundings/environment. This is because substances have internal states that can be described by their kinetic energy and other internal variables. For example, when a small amount of water is placed in a glass beaker, it will initially rise until it hits an equilibrium state where it will stay at rest i.e., the water's temperature has become constant at this point. If there are additional drops of water added to the system, more heat will be generated as they absorb more kinetic energy from the surrounding water molecules. This is known as heat-gain or heat-flux for this system.

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